Math 764 -- Algebraic Geometry II -- Homeworks

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Homeworks (Spring 2017)

Here are homework problems for Math 764 from Spring 2017 (by Dima Arinkin). I tried to convert the homeworks into the wiki format with pandoc. This does not always work as expected; in case of doubt, check the pdf files.


Homework 1

Due Friday, February 3rd

In all these problems, we fix a topological space [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math]; all sheaves and presheaves are sheaves on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math].

  1. Example: Let [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] be the unit circle, and let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] be the sheaf of [math]\displaystyle{ C^\infty }[/math]-functions on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math]. Find the (sheaf) image and the kernel of the morphism [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{d}{dt}:{\mathcal{F}}\to{\mathcal{F}}. }[/math] Here [math]\displaystyle{ t\in{\mathbb{R}}/2\pi{\mathbb{Z}} }[/math] is the polar coordinate on the circle.
  2. Sheaf operations: Let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] be sheaves of sets. Recall that a morphism [math]\displaystyle{ \phi:{\mathcal{F}}\to {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] is a (categorical) monomorphism if and only if for any sheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}}' }[/math] and any two morphisms [math]\displaystyle{ \psi_1,\psi_2:{\mathcal{F}}'\to {\mathcal{F}} }[/math], the equality [math]\displaystyle{ \phi\circ\psi_1=\phi\circ\psi_2 }[/math] implies [math]\displaystyle{ \psi_1=\psi_2 }[/math]. Show that [math]\displaystyle{ \phi }[/math] is a monomorphism if and only if it induces injective maps on all stalks.
  3. Let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] be sheaves of sets. Recall that a morphism [math]\displaystyle{ \phi:{\mathcal{F}}\to{\mathcal{G}} }[/math] is a (categorical) epimorphism if and only if for any sheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}}' }[/math] and any two morphisms [math]\displaystyle{ \psi_1,\psi_2:{\mathcal{G}}\to{\mathcal{G}}' }[/math], the equality [math]\displaystyle{ \psi_1\circ\phi=\psi_2\circ\phi }[/math] implies [math]\displaystyle{ \psi_1=\psi_2 }[/math]. Show that [math]\displaystyle{ \phi }[/math] is a epimorphism if and only if it induces surjective maps on all stalks.
  4. Show that any morphism of sheaves can be written as a composition of an epimorphism and a monomorphism. (You should know what order of composition I mean here.)
  5. Let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] be a sheaf, and let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}}\subset{\mathcal{F}} }[/math] be a sub-presheaf of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] (thus, for every open set [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset X }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}}(U) }[/math] is a subset of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}}(U) }[/math] and the restriction maps for [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] agree). Show that the sheafification [math]\displaystyle{ \tilde{\mathcal{G}} }[/math] of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] is naturally identified with a subsheaf of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math].
  6. Let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}}_i }[/math] be a family of sheaves of abelian groups on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] indexed by a set [math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math] (not necessarily finite). Show that the direct sum and direct product of this family exists in the category of sheaves of abelian groups. (E.g., a direct sum would be a sheaf of abelian groups [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] together with a universal family of homomorphisms [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}}_i\to {\mathcal{F}} }[/math].) Do these operations agree with (a) taking stalks at a point [math]\displaystyle{ x\in X }[/math] (b) taking sections over an open subset [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset X }[/math]?
  7. Locally constant sheaves:

    Definition. A sheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] is constant over an open set [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset X }[/math] if there is a subset [math]\displaystyle{ S\subset F(U) }[/math] such that the map [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}}(U)\to{\mathcal{F}}_x:s\mapsto s_x }[/math] (the germ of [math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math] at [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math]) gives a bijection between [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}}_x }[/math] for all [math]\displaystyle{ x\in U }[/math].

    [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] is locally constant (on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math]) if every point of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] has a neighborhood on which [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] is constant.

    Recall that a covering space [math]\displaystyle{ \pi:Y\to X }[/math] is a continuous map of topological spaces such that every [math]\displaystyle{ x\in X }[/math] has a neighborhood [math]\displaystyle{ U\ni x }[/math] whose preimage [math]\displaystyle{ \pi^{-1}(U)\subset U }[/math] is homeomorphic to [math]\displaystyle{ U\times Z }[/math] for some discrete topological space [math]\displaystyle{ Z }[/math]. ([math]\displaystyle{ Z }[/math] may depend on [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math]; also, the homeomorphism is required to respect the projection to [math]\displaystyle{ U }[/math].)

    Show that if [math]\displaystyle{ \pi:Y\to X }[/math] is a covering space, its sheaf of sections [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] is locally constant. Moreover, prove that this correspondence is an equivalence between the category of covering spaces and the category of locally constant sheaves. (If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is pathwise connected, both categories are equivalent to the category of sets with an action of the fundamental group of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math].)

  8. Sheafification: (This problem may be hard, but it is still a good idea to try it) Prove or disprove the following statement (contained in the lecture notes). Let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] be a presheaf on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math], and let [math]\displaystyle{ \tilde{\mathcal{F}} }[/math] be its sheafification. Then every section [math]\displaystyle{ s\in\tilde{\mathcal{F}}(U) }[/math] can be represented as (the equivalence class of) the following gluing data: an open cover [math]\displaystyle{ U=\bigcup U_i }[/math] and a family of sections [math]\displaystyle{ s_i\in{\mathcal{F}}(U_i) }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ s_i|_{U_i\cap U_j}=s_j|_{U_i\cap U_j} }[/math].


Homework 2

Due Friday, February 10th

Extension of a sheaf by zero. Let [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] be a topological space, let [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset X }[/math] be an open subset, and let [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] be a sheaf of abelian groups on [math]\displaystyle{ U }[/math].

The extension by zero [math]\displaystyle{ j_{!}{\mathcal{F}} }[/math] of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{F}} }[/math] (here [math]\displaystyle{ j }[/math] is the embedding [math]\displaystyle{ U\hookrightarrow X }[/math]) is the sheaf on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] that can be defined as the sheafification of the presheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}}(V)=\begin{cases}{\mathcal{F}}(V),&V\subset U\\0,&V\not\subset U.\end{cases} }[/math]

  1. Is the sheafication necessary in this definition? (Or maybe [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] is a sheaf automatically?)
  2. Describe the stalks of [math]\displaystyle{ j_!{\mathcal{F}} }[/math] over all points of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] and the espace étalé of [math]\displaystyle{ j_!{\mathcal{F}} }[/math].
  3. Verify that [math]\displaystyle{ j_! }[/math] is the left adjoint of the restriction functor from [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] to [math]\displaystyle{ U }[/math]: that is, for any sheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math], there exists a natural isomorphism [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}}({\mathcal{F}},{\mathcal{G}}|_U)\simeq{\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}}(j_!{\mathcal{F}},{\mathcal{G}}). }[/math]

    (The restriction [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}}|_U }[/math] of a sheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}} }[/math] from [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] to an open set [math]\displaystyle{ U }[/math] is defined by [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{G}}|_U(V)={\mathcal{G}}(V) }[/math] for [math]\displaystyle{ V\subset U }[/math].)

    Side question (not part of the homework): What changes if we consider the version of extension by zero for sheaves of sets (‘the extension by empty set’)?

    Examples of affine schemes.

  4. Let [math]\displaystyle{ R_\alpha }[/math] be a finite collection of rings. Put [math]\displaystyle{ R=\prod_\alpha R_\alpha }[/math]. Describe the topological space [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}(R) }[/math] in terms of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}(R_\alpha) }[/math]’s. What changes if the collection is infinite?
  5. Recall that the image of a regular map of varieties is constructible (Chevalley’s Theorem); that is, it is a union of locally closed sets. Give an example of a map of rings [math]\displaystyle{ R\to S }[/math] such that the image of a map [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}(S)\to{\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}(R) }[/math] is

    (a) An infinite intersection of open sets, but not constructible.

    (b) An infinite union of closed sets, but not constructible. (This part may be very hard.)

    Contraction of a subvariety.

    Let [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] be a variety (over an algebraically closed field [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]) and let [math]\displaystyle{ Y\subset X }[/math] be a closed subvariety. Our goal is to construct a [math]\displaystyle{ {k} }[/math]-ringed space [math]\displaystyle{ Z=(Z,{\mathcal{O}}_Z)=X/Y }[/math] that is in some sense the result of ‘gluing’ together the points of [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math]. While [math]\displaystyle{ Z }[/math] can be described by a universal property, we prefer an explicit construction:

    • The topological space [math]\displaystyle{ Z }[/math] is the ‘quotient-space’ [math]\displaystyle{ X/Y }[/math]: as a set, [math]\displaystyle{ Z=(X-Y)\sqcup \{z\} }[/math]; a subset [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset Z }[/math] is open if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ \pi^{-1}(U)\subset X }[/math] is open. Here the natural projection [math]\displaystyle{ \pi:X\to Z }[/math] is identity on [math]\displaystyle{ X-Y }[/math] and sends all of [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] to the ‘center’ [math]\displaystyle{ z\in Z }[/math].
    • The structure sheaf [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{O}}_Z }[/math] is defined as follows: for any open subset [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset Z }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathcal{O}}_Z(U) }[/math] is the algebra of functions [math]\displaystyle{ g:U\to{k} }[/math] such that the composition [math]\displaystyle{ g\circ\pi }[/math] is a regular function [math]\displaystyle{ \pi^{-1}(U)\to{k} }[/math] that is constant along [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math]. (The last condition is imposed only if [math]\displaystyle{ z\in U }[/math], in which case [math]\displaystyle{ Y\subset\pi^{-1}(U) }[/math].)

      In each of the following examples, determine whether the quotient [math]\displaystyle{ X/Y }[/math] is an algebraic variety; if it is, describe it explicitly.

  6. [math]\displaystyle{ X={\mathbb{P}}^2 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ Y={\mathbb{P}}^1 }[/math] (embedded as a line in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math]).
  7. [math]\displaystyle{ X=\{(s_0,s_1;t_0:t_1)\in{\mathbb{A}}^2\times{\mathbb{P}}^1:s_0t_1=s_1t_0\} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ Y=\{(s_0,s_1;t_0:t_1)\in X:s_0=s_1=0\} }[/math].
  8. [math]\displaystyle{ X={\mathbb{A}}^2 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] is a two-point set (if you want a more challenging version, let [math]\displaystyle{ Y\subset{\mathbb{A}}^2 }[/math] be any finite set).

Homework 3

Due Friday, February 17th

  1. (Gluing morphisms of sheaves) Let [math]\displaystyle{ F }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ G }[/math] be two sheaves on the same space [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math]. For any open set [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset X }[/math], consider the restriction sheaves [math]\displaystyle{ F|_U }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ G|_U }[/math], and let [math]\displaystyle{ Hom(F|_U,G|_U) }[/math] be the set of sheaf morphisms between them.

    Prove that the presheaf on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] given by the correspondence [math]\displaystyle{ U\mapsto Hom(F|_U,G|_U) }[/math] is in fact a sheaf.

  2. (Gluing morphisms of ringed spaces) Let [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] be ringed spaces. Denote by [math]\displaystyle{ \underline{Mor}(X,Y) }[/math] the following pre-sheaf on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math]: its sections over an open subset [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset X }[/math] are morphisms of ringed spaces [math]\displaystyle{ U\to Y }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ U }[/math] is considered as a ringed space. (And the notion of restriction is the natural one.) Show that [math]\displaystyle{ \underline{Mor}(X,Y) }[/math] is in fact a sheaf.
  3. (Affinization of a scheme) Let [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] be an arbitrary scheme. Prove that there exists an affine scheme [math]\displaystyle{ X_{aff} }[/math] and a morphism [math]\displaystyle{ X\to X_{aff} }[/math] that is universal in the following sense: any map form [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] to an affine scheme factors through it.
  4. Let us consider direct and inverse limits of affine schemes. For simplicity, we will work with limits indexed by positive integers.

    (a) Let [math]\displaystyle{ R_i }[/math] be a collection of rings ([math]\displaystyle{ i\gt 0 }[/math]) together with homomorphisms [math]\displaystyle{ R_i\to R_{i+1} }[/math]. Consider the direct limit [math]\displaystyle{ R:=\lim\limits_{\longrightarrow} R_i }[/math]. Show that in the category of schemes, [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}(R)=\lim\limits_{\longleftarrow}{\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}R_i. }[/math]

    (b) Let [math]\displaystyle{ R_i }[/math] be a collection of rings ([math]\displaystyle{ i\gt 0 }[/math]) together with homomorphisms [math]\displaystyle{ R_{i+1}\to R_i }[/math]. Consider the inverse limit [math]\displaystyle{ R:=\lim\limits_{\longleftarrow} R_i }[/math]. Show that generally speaking, in the category of schemes, [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}(R)\neq\lim\limits_{\longrightarrow}{\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}R_i. }[/math]

  5. Here is an example of the situation from 4(b). Let [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math] be a field, and let [math]\displaystyle{ R_i=k[t]/(t^i) }[/math], so that [math]\displaystyle{ \lim\limits_{\longleftarrow} R_i=k[[t]] }[/math]. Describe the direct limit [math]\displaystyle{ \lim\limits_{\longrightarrow}{\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}}R_i }[/math] in the category of ringed spaces. Is the direct limit a scheme?
  6. Let [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] be a finite partially ordered set. Consider the following topology on [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math]: a subset [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset S }[/math] is open if and only if whenever [math]\displaystyle{ x\in U }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ y\gt x }[/math], it must be that [math]\displaystyle{ y\in U }[/math].

    Construct a ring [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R) }[/math] is homeomorphic to [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math].

  7. Show that any quasi-compact scheme has closed points. (It is not true that any scheme has closed points!)
  8. Give an example of a scheme that has no open connected subsets. In particular, such a scheme is not locally connected. Of course, my convention here is that the empty set is not connected...

Homework 4

Due Friday, February 24th

  1. Show that the following two definitions of quasi-separated-ness of a scheme [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] are equivalent:
    1. The intersection of any two quasi-compact open subsets of [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is quasi-compact;
    2. There is a cover of [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] by affine open subsets whose (pairwise) intersections are quasi-compact.
  2. In class, we gave the following definition: a scheme [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is integral if it is irreducible and reduced. Show that this is equivalent to the definition from Vakil’s notes: a scheme is integral if for any non-empty open [math]\displaystyle{ U\subset S }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ O_S(U) }[/math] is a domain.
  3. Let us call a scheme [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] locally irreducible if every point has an irreducible neighborhood. (Since a non-empty open subset of an irreducible space is irreducible, this implies that all smaller neighborhoods of this point are irreducible as well.) Prove or disprove the following claim: a scheme is irreducible if and only if it is connected and locally irreducible.
  4. Show that a locally Noetherian scheme is quasi-separated.
  5. Show that the following two definitions of a Noetherian scheme [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] are equivalent:
    1. [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a finite union of open affine sets, each of which is the spectrum of a Noetherian ring;
    2. [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is quasi-compact and locally Noetherian.
  6. Show that any Noetherian scheme [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a disjoint union of finitely many connected open subsets (the connected components of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math].) (A problem from the last homework shows that things might go wrong if we do not assume that [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is Noetherian.)
  7. A locally closed subscheme [math]\displaystyle{ X\subset Y }[/math] is defined as a closed subscheme of an open subscheme of [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math]. Accordingly, a locally closed embedding is a composition of a closed embedding followed by an open embedding (in this order). In principle, one can try to reverse the order, and consider open subschemes of closed subschemes of [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math]. Does this yield an equivalent definition?

Remark. The difficulty of such questions (and, sometimes, the answer to them) depends on the class of schemes one works with: often, very mild assumptions (such as, say, quasicompactness) would make the question easy. A complete answer to this problem would include both the mild assumptions that would make the two versions equivalent, and a description of what happens for general schemes.